Domestic Violence - Fact or Fiction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1899 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: Violence Essay Did you like this example? Domestic Violence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Fact or Fiction Domestic violence in Australia is one of the most prominent issues of our lifetime. For a long time, women were treated as possessions by men and the law did not legally recognise occurrences such as rape of a wife by her husband. More recently though, societies beliefs and attitudes in regards to the subject of domestic violence has changed quite considerably. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Domestic Violence Fact or Fiction?" essay for you Create order Previously the only avenue that existed for victims of domestic violence was through criminal law, now all states of Australia have enacted various forms of domestic violence legislation, to deal with this type of growing problem. (Dosen, et al., 2013) The Family Law Act 1975 defines family violence as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“violent, threatening or other behaviour by a person that coerces or controls a member of the personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s family (the family member), or causes the family member to be fearful.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Familylawcourts.gov.au, 2014) As stated in the book Investigating Legal Studies for Queensland, there are many different forms of domestic violence and this can include physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, financial abuse and social abuse. Physical abuse refers to the traditional ideas of domestic abuse. This is the pushing, grabbing, slapping, and kicking in a domestic relationship. Sexual abuse refers sexual assault of a person in a domestic relati onship, as well as sexual acts carried out against a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s will. Psychological abuse is when a person in a domestic relationship is yelling, swearing, or criticising a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personality or looks. Financial abuse refers to when a person in a domestic relationship is controlling all the money in the household, or making a person hand over their money, and social abuse is when the person is controlling who a person sees; for example, not permitting contact with family or friends. (Dosen, et al., 2013) These different forms of domestic violence can be seen within the model on screen. The most recent statistics and information on domestic violence come from the Australian Bureau of Statistics, Personal Safety Survey. This was a national survey that included 16, 400 Australians over the age of eighteen, and was conducted in 2005. This showed that 64.1% incidences of physical assault against women that were recorded within the twelve months prior to 2005 were committed within a home. (Dss.gov.au, 2012) This survey found that 443, 800 women (5.8 percent of the population) in Australia reported that they have experienced either physical or sexual violence within the last 12 months, and that more than a million women had experienced physical or sexual assault by either their current or ex-partner. (Dss.gov.au, 2012) The same survey showed that the majority of domestic violence that happens in Australia is committed by men against women, or men against men. This is shown as it is important to recognize about the survey that much of the violence against men was shown to have been committed by other men. Of the men that had reported to this survey that they had been physically abused within the 12 months before the survey 73.7% said that their attacker was a male. (Domesticviolence.com.au, 2014) Within the years 1996 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2005 the amount of sexual assaults reported to police rose from 14.9% to 18.9%, and during that time frame there was also an increase of reporting physical violence to the police from 18.5% to 36%. (Domesticviolence.com.au, 2014) When comparing the men and women in this survey, it showed that by the age of fifteen, 12.4% of women had been sexually abused. This compared to 4.5% of men within the years of 1996 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2005. (Domesticviolence.com.au, 2014) And although the statistics show that most domestic violence is committed by men, it is a misconception that domestic violence only affects women, as many victims of domestic violence are actually men. The Australian Bureau of Statisticà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 2005 Personal Safety Survey revealed that approximately 1.3 million women and nearly half a million men had experience some form of domestic violence by a previous or current partner. (Dosen, et al., 2013) Other statistics that were taken from a Queensland Crime report shows that in Queensland there was a 9% increase in breaches of domestic violence prot ection orders. According to Queensland Courts, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a domestic violence order is a civil order made by a court that imposes conditions to protect a person from future domestic violence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Domestic and family violence, 2013) This protection order is a final long term order that states that a person cannot commit domestic violence against any person that is named in the order. This order can also state that the person must stay away from the victimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s home or workplace. (Domestic and family violence, 2013) Penalties for domestic violence are a highly debated topic. Many people believe that the sentences for domestic violence arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t high enough, whereas others believe that the penalties should stay as they are. In the Domestic Violence and Family Protection Act 2012 it states that the penalties for domestic or family violence is forty penalty units ($40 000) or imprisonment for one year for a first offence. (Alrc.gov.au, 2014 ) If in the three years before the current offence the offender has been convicted of breaching a domestic violence order at least twice, the maximum penalty is two years imprisonment. (Pottslawyers.com.au, 2014) According to the law at this time, in some instances when the victim fights back against their attacker, the victim becomes the perpetrator. (Dosen and Ballantyne et al., 2013) As stated by Amy Corderoy in her article Push For defence for women who kill violent men à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Women who kill their partners often end up pleading guilty to manslaughter or murder, which experts say shows the legal system may be failing domestic violence victims.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Corderoy, 2014) There are few defences in which women may use in a domestic violence case. The most relied on defence for a domestic violence victim is that of self-defence. This defence relates to the acts done upon compulsion, provocation or in self-defence. (Dosen and Ballantyne et al., 2013) Another one of the most prominent defences is the defence of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"battered woman syndrome.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Battered woman syndrome is a mental condition that is suffered by the victim as a result of the domestic violence. In the case of R v Runjanjic and Kontinnen (1992) 56 SASR 114, the victim was killed while asleep. The defendant in this case was told by the victim before they went to sleep that he was going to kill her and their son when he woke up. (Dosen and Ballantyne et al,. 2013) The defendant had suffered quite severe sexual, physical, and mental abuse at the hand of the victim. Although psychologists did testify that the defendant had suffered from battered woman syndrome, the court acquitted the defendant not on this defence, but on the defence of self-defence. Another case that is extremely prominent in regards to battered woman syndrome, and is a landmark case in Australia in relation to domestic violence is that of Robyn Kina (CA No 221 of 1993). In this case an aborigi nal woman was given a life sentence for murdering her husband. The initial case lasted half a day which is the shortest murder trial in Queenslandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s history. After five years in prison, Kinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case was taken to the court of appeal and upon investigation it was shown that her husband had been abusing her for years and that on the day of his murder, he had made a comment about Kinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s fourteen year old niece which in Robyn Kinaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s words made her à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"snapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Robyn Kina was then released on the defence of battered woman syndrome. (The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education, 2004) In 2010 there was another major amendment made to the Criminal Code Act 1899 (Qld) which made the defence of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Killing for preservation in an abusive domestic relationshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This is a defence that goes beyond self-defence and allows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"genuine victimsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ th e appropriate legal protection. (Dosen and Ballantyne et al., 2013) In the article Queenslandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s domestic killing defence an Australian first by Courtney Trenwith, Attorney General Cameron Dick states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“research reviewed during the development process found that victims of seriously abusive relationships often commit offences in circumstances that fall outside existing defences, such as self-defence and provocation.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  He also stated that the defence à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t excuse victims, but it does broaden the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sentencing options.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  (Trenwith, 2010) This means that the defence will not be misused by court to acquit cases in which defendants would otherwise be guilty of murder, but it would provide some legal protection for victims of serious domestic abuse. (Trenwith, 2010) The media represents domestic violence in varying ways. There are times when how ità ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s represented can be questioned, and other times when ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s shown that the media coverage of domestic violence is helping domestic violence victims to save themselves from violence relationships. One way that media covers this subject is through the use of movies. One movie that is quite well-known is called Safe Haven. In this movie is shows the life of a victim of a violence relationship escaping her abuser. This is a clip from the movie. Particularly in Australia, this clip shows not only how domestic violence is being targeted by media in Australia, but also shows how many people are becoming more and more aware of the issue, and the amount of people are victims of domestic abuse and how they can get help. In conclusion domestic violence is one of the most important social issues of our time, and it is our responsibility to help protect domestic violence victims, and make sure they know that they have a voice in our society. Bibliography Alrc.gov.au. 2014.Penalties and sentencing for breach of protection orders | ALRC. [online] Available at:https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/ 12. Breach of Protection Orders/penalties-and-sentencing-breach-protection-orders [Accessed: 9 Mar 2014]. The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education. 2004.Understanding Social and Legal Justice Issues for Aboriginal Women. [online] Available at: https://www.atsis.uq.edu.au/ajie/docs/200433023030.pdf [Accessed: 11 Mar 2014]. Domestic and family violence. (2013, January 11). Retrieved March 3, 2014, from Queensland Courts: https://www.courts.qld.gov.au/courts/magistrates-court/domestic-and-family-violence Domesticviolence.com.au. 2014.DOMESTIC VIOLENCE STATISTICS. [online] Available at: https://www.domesticviolence.com.au/pages/domestic-violence-statistics.php [Accessed: 7 Mar 2014]. Dosen, A., Ballantyne, T., Brumpton, M., Gibson, K., Harris, L., Lippingwell, S., et al. (2013). Investigating Legal Studies for Queensland. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. Dss.gov.au. 2012.Facts about womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s safety | Australian Government Department of Social Services. [online] Available at: https://www.dss.gov.au/our-responsibilities/women/publications-articles/general/fact-sheets-womens-issues/facts-about-women-s-safety [Accessed: 7 Mar 2014]. Familylawcourts.gov.au. 2014.The Family Law Act and family violence. [online] Available at: https://www.familylawcourts.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/FLC/Home/Family+Violence/The+Family+Law+Act+and+family+violence/ [Accessed: 9 Mar 2014]. Masterson, J. 2014.Crime after Crime (Documentary) 2011. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zfI6r_4RjGQ [Accessed: 4 Mar 2014]. Mulroney, J., Australian Domestic and Family Violence. (n.d.). Australian Statistics on Domestic Violence . Retrieved November 4, 2013, from Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse: https://www.adfvc.unsw.edu.au/PDF files/Statistics_final.pdf Pottslawyer s.com.au. 2014.Breach Of Domestic Violence QLD Law Article Potts Lawyers. [online] Available at: https://www.pottslawyers.com.au/breach-of-domestic-violence-qld-offence.html [Accessed: 9 Mar 2014]. Queensland Police. 2013.Queensland Crime. [online] Available at: https://www.police.qld.gov.au/Resources/Internet/services/reportsPublications/statisticalReview/1112/documents/QldCrime.pdf [Accessed: 11 Mar 2014]. Something in common. 2014.Violence against women. [online] Available at: https://somethingincommon.gov.au/dig-deeper/freedom/violence-against-women [Accessed: 5 Mar 2014]. Trenwith, C. 2010.Queenslands domestic killing defence an Australian first. [online] Available at: https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/queenslands-domestic-killing-defence-an-australian-first-20100210-nq7j.html [Accessed: 9 Mar 2014].

The Battle Of Wills Between Rainey And Sturdyvant, The...

When it comes to themes, the main question in the play is whether the band will complete the recording session despite conflicts among various band members and the power struggles between Rainey and Sturdyvant, the white owner of the recording studio. The battle of wills between Rainey and Sturdyvant echoes the historical battle between capitalists and workers; only in this case, Rainey holds on to the goods (her music) that she produces until she gets what she wants from the white producer. It is only after her demands are met and she and her band members are paid that Rainey signs off on the contract. The power struggle between Levee and the other band members over whose version of Ma Rainey s Black Bottom is recorded reflects a generational conflict defined by different attitudes towards music. Rainey and the band represent the older generation, preferring to play the song as they always have. Levee, the youngest band member, represents the new and ever changing generation of musi cians who seeks a more improvisatory and jazz like version. The theme of power is also established through the examination of the relationship between black artists and the world of mass communications in the early twentieth century. This relationship mirrors the position of black people in the society at large—a society dominated by white racism. Wilson establishes this early in the play through a series of musical imagery and idiomatic language, in which he uses both the style

Dbms Project Free Essays

The main aim of the entire activity is to automate the process of day to day activities of Hotel like Room activities, Admission of a New Customer, Assign a room according to Customer’s demand, checkout of a computer and releasing the room and finally compute the bill etc.The limited time and resources have restricted us to incorporate, in this project, only main activities that are performed in a HOTEL Management System, but utmost care has been taken to make the system efficient and user friendly. â€Å"HOTEL Management System† has been designed to computerize the following functions that are performed by the system: ? Room Detail Functions ? Check-in and check-out Detail Functions Admission of New customer Check-out of customer Room assigning related to customer’s need. We will write a custom essay sample on Dbms Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? Statement of Customer Details Check-in customer Check-out customer Room Details ? Total number of Customers in the HotelIndividual customer Report OBJECTIVE This project intends to introduce more user friendliness in the various activities Such as record updating, maintenance, and searching. The searching of record has been made quite simple as all the details of the customer can be obtained by simply keying in the identification of that customer. ? Similarly, record maintenance and updating can also be accomplished by using the identification of the customer with all the details being automatically generated. These details are also being promptly automatically updated in the Master files thus keeping the record absolutely up-to-date. The entire information has maintained in the database or Files and whoever wants to retrieve can’t retrieve; only authorization user can retrieve the necessary Information which can be easily is accessible from the file. ? The main objective of the entire activity is to automate the process of day to day activities of Hotel like: 1. Room activities, 2. Admission of a New Customer, 3. Assign a room according to customer’s demand, 4. Checkout of a computer and releasing the room 5. Packages available. 6. List of customers. This project has some more features: †¢ System Connectivity †¢ No data duplication No Paper Work Required †¢ Time Efficient †¢ Cost Efficient †¢ Automatic data validation †¢ User friendly environment †¢ Data security and reliability †¢ Fast data insertion retrieval SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ? My SQL Server ? OS â€Å"Microsoft windows XP† ? 512 MB RAM ? Concept draw. ? CD writer for back up. ? Platform. ? Internet Explorer 6. 0 ? Microsoft Visual Studio 6. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW Database Management System  (DBMS) is a set of  computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of a  database.It allows organizations to place control of database development in the hands of database  (DBAs) and other specialists. A DBMS is a system software package that helps the use of integrated collection of data records and files known as databases. It allows different user application programs to easily access the same database. DBMSs may use any of a variety of database, such as the  network model  or  relational model. In large systems, a DBMS allows users and other software to store and retrieve data in a  structured  way. Instead of having to write computer programs to extract information, user can ask simple questions in a  query language.Thus, many DBMS packages provide  Fourth-generation programming language  (4GLs) and other application development features. It helps to specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database. It provides facilities for controlling  data access, enforcing  data integrity, managing concurrency, and restoring the database from backups. A DBMS is a set of  software programs  that controls the  organization,  storage, management, and  retrieval  of  data  in a  database. DBMSs are categorized according to their data structures or types.The DBMS accepts requests for data from an application program and instructs the operating  to transfer the appropriate data. The  queries  and responses must be submitted and received according to a format that conforms to one or more applicable protocols. When a DBMS is used,  information systems  can be changed much more easily as the organization’s information requirements change. New categories of data can be added to the database without disruption to the existing system. Database servers are computers that hold the actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually ultiprocessor  computers, with generous memory and  RAID  disk arrays used for stable storage. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most  database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom  multitasking  kernel  with built-in  networking  support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard  operating system  to provide ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM (ERD) Entity – Relationship Diagram: This depicts relationship between data objects.The attribute of each data objects noted in the entity- relationship diagram can be described using a data object description. Data flow diagram serves two purposes: 1. To provide an indication of how data are transformed as they move through the system. 2. To depict the functions that transformation the data flow. Data Objects: A data object is a representation of almost any composite information that must be understood by the software. By composite information, we mean something that has a number of different properties or attributes. A data object encapsulates data only there is no reference within a data object to perations that act on the data. Attributes: Attributes define the properties of a data object and take on one of three different characteristics. They can be used to: ? Name an instance of data object. ? Describe the instance. ? Make reference to another instance in other table. Relationships: Data objects are connected to one another in a variety of different ways. We can define a set of object relationship pairs that define the relevant relationships. CARDINALITY AND MODALITY: Cardinality: The data model must be capable of representing the number of occurrences of objects in a given relationship.The cardinality of an Object relationship pair is: ? One-T0-One (1:1): An occurrence of object ‘A’ can relate to one and only one occurrence of object ‘B’ and vice versa. ? One-To-Many (1:N): One occurrence of object ‘A’ can relate to one or may occurrences of object ‘B’ but an occurrence of object ‘B’ can relate to only one occurrence of object ‘A’. ? Many-To-Many (M: N): An occurrences of ‘B’ occurrence of ‘B’ can relate to one or many occurrence of ‘A’, and vice versa. Modality: The modality of a relationship is zero if there is no explicit need for the relationship to occur or the relationship is optional. How to cite Dbms Project, Papers